| pH interval | Substance | Conc. (mM) | Counter-ion | pKa (25 °C) | d(pKa)/dT (°C) |
| 1.5-2.5 | Maleic acid | 20 | Na+ | 1.83 | |
| 2.4-3.4 | Malonic acid | 20 | Na+ or Li+ | 2.88 | |
| 2.6-3.6 | Citric acid | 20 | Na+ | 3.13 | -0.0024 |
| 3.6-4.3 | Lactic acid | 50 | Na+ | 3.08 | |
| 3.8-4.3 | Formic acid* | 50 | Na+ or Li+ | 3.75 | +0.0002 |
| 4.3-4.8 | Succinic acid* | 50 | Na+ | 4.21 | -0.0018 |
| 4.8-5.2 | Acetic acid* | 50 | Na+ or Li+ | 4.76 | +0.0002 |
| 5.0-6.0 | Malonic acid* | 50 | Na+ or Li+ | 5.68 | |
| 5.5-6.7 | MES* | 50 | Na+ or Li+ | 6.15 | -0.0110 |
| 6.7-7.6 | Phosphate* | 50 | Na+ | 7.20 | -0.0028 |
| 7.6-8.2 | HEPES* | 50 | Na+ or Li+ | 7.55 | -0.0140 |
| 8.2-8.7 | BICINE* | 50 | Na+ | 8.35 | -0.0180 |
| * Recommended on the basis of experiments performed in Amersham Biosciences laboratories. | |||||
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